Once the second coat is dry, you can paint over it, or apply further decoration such as wallpaper. It’s equally useful both above and below ground level, which is why it’s also commonly used for damp-proofing wet rooms and wet zones before they’re tiled. Use an adhesive trowel and ensure that you apply equally over the area to be tiled. This is because the foam seals up the hole. It can be used for basements, foundations and tunnels, as well as bathrooms, shower rooms and wet rooms. #plastering #tanking #dampproof #Hi Everyone, Welcome to my channel! Every Tuesday I’ll bring you tutorials, tool reviews and vlogs all about plastering. Its waterproof and highly elastic coating is resistant to extreme weather conditions like frost and heat. See moreDon't worry about lack of adhesion due to the surface being smooth - tile adhesive will adhere to almost anything, including the polished glazed surface of. Tanking membranes are applied to a building in order to provide a physical barrier to prevent the ingress of water. The main job of tanking slurry is to stop damp and moisture from penetrating walls and floors. 25kg of KA Tanking Slurry will provide 2 coats, each at 8m². The second problem relates to the finished aesthetic. Ideally, you will want to identify and resolve the source of damp before applying it. 5m about ground level. How Permagard can help. #1. Plastering always comes last. uk:Customer reviews: KA Tanking Slurry Grey Slurry seal is a cold mix paving system that can remedy a broad range of problems on streets, airfields, parking lots, and driveways. This then offers a key for the cementitious tanking to adhere to. PermaSEAL Tanking Slurry White 20kg Bucket. To remedy this we recommend priming the. Then apply a coat of bonding to build out he level so that I can dot and dab a moistyre resistant plaster board from floor to ceiling. This tanking slurry. Applying tanking slurry. Fillet sealing at wall-floor junctions, drainage membranes, and the. Will be laying this over tiles SBR) Have seen some posts on other forums about it, but was wondering if anybody on here (my. 40 Inc VAT-+ Add to Basket. I pva'd the. 1, except that— . 4 to 4. How Permagard can help. 1 requires that. #4: Drybase Liquid Damp Proof Membrane. c. You can order up to 3 FREE cut samples (10cm x 10cm) at a time. Mixing the crystalline slurry: PermaSEAL Crystalline Cementitious Tanking is mixed on site with water. It is ideal for sealing gaps around pipes and wires. 25kg of KA Tanking Slurry will provide 2 coats, each at 8m². If you have any questions or need more information contact our technical team on [email protected] or call 0117 982 3282. You can tile over if it is scarified and cleaned and you use the proper polymer modified thin-set mortar adhesive. Again, this can be done in a variety of different ways. This coverage will depend, however on the roughness of the substrate. protrude. I have done something like that in the past but. 4 years ago. Can You Tile Onto Tanking Slurry. Plaster: If plaster is to be used it must be ensured that cement based “renovating plaster” is used. In theory if you scuff the surface, then you'll be removing the silicone coating on there, so in theory applying SBR - or even the mortar or slurry direct - would work. The principle of tanking is to provide a continuous waterproof barrier or membrane; this is created using either mastic asphalt or. Make sure you use the right amount of water as mistakes can make it ineffective. 1. A water-based paint, such as a standard emulsion, can be used to paint over tanking slurry. Attach two layers of 60mm extruded polyurethane insulation boards to the newly slurried walls, with taped. Easy to use and apply. Non-hazardous and solvent free. Quick drying – can be tiled after 12 hours. Packaging KA Tanking Slurry is supplied in powder form in 25kg and 12. Gypsum plasters must not be used. Wall tanking or “tanking” is a method of preventing water ingress by creating a completely impermeable waterproof barrier on an internal wall. Walls made of up freshly laid concrete blocks. Use sugar soap or a suitable degreaser to clean the surface before tiling. S. Step 1. So, what is tanking slurry? Tanking slurry is highly effective at. the latex was to be used prior to tiling because of the remains of bitumen on the floor,. As basements are located below ground, they’re highly likely to suffer from damp. pistola bobbie crossover; propagation controllers. As with most tanking. In hot and dry conditions a fine mist of water should be sprayed over before the second coat is applied. If your tanking slurry has been applied in the bathroom or kitchen, you may even want to tile on top. Priming a wall before tiling is sometimes necessary to create a lasting finish for your tiles. #3: Multicrete Tanking Slurry. My Garage is brick but having tried my hand at plastering and failing miserably I'm not very confident at my ability to render the walls. * Note: The technique of layering means for you to apply one layer of filler and let it dry before you apply the next coat. keep all unnecessary openings to slurry tanks covered. External tanking is usually carried out using “type A” waterproofing systems, a term defined under BS 8102:2022 as products that are fully bonded to the structure such as self. The good news is that something like tanking slurry is far more simple. Its a high quality thin layer waterproof slurry coating. £29. Thread starter mikeey84; Start date 28 Feb 2013; M. As with most tanking slurries, PermaSEAL Tanking needs to be covered by at least a 10mm coat of three parts sharp washed sand to one part cement or. if there is polystyrene backing is rather advisable to fix it with some screws in addition to dot and dab, this can be gained (without damage/weakening to your slurry by installing couple of treated buttons on the wall using gripfill or other no more nails stuff, next dot and dab and screws. #1. Lining Damp and Cold Walls – Choice of Methods. Whilst this is still damp, apply one coat of tanking slurry 100mm up the wall and 100mm across the floor. However I am unsure on the longevity of this and whether a. User-friendly – requires only the addition of water on-site. Country. Can be brushed or spray applied. Watch this video for tips on how to tile over tiles, what to avoid and what steps to follow for a success. Menu. Answered 9th Aug 2020. The next stage of the process is to fit plywood (typically 12mm or 18mm). Add enough water so that the mixture is the consistency of wet paint. A: A 25kg tub of KA Tanking Slurry will cover two coats @ 8sqm, and it. There can be a couple of benefits to tiling over tile, including: 1. Supplier attended site during installation on this one. The damp readings increase as you go up the wall from the floor to a distance of approx 0. I've dug out and exposed one side and will cut back the DPC as close to the brick joint as possible. While damp can form in a range of areas, it is commonly seen in rooms underground such as cellars and basements. Kas228 Screwfix Select. How to use tanking slurry on your floor. Rising damp normally goes to around 1m so to be safe add a bit. Select the supplier or trade you require, enter your location to. You can tile straight on to the slurry once it is dry, and a decent tile adhesive will have no problem getting a good fixing. Ön itt van: casetify iphone 13 pro max mirror case / 4 pillars of observability / small hand water pump / wera torque screwdriver / applying tanking slurry. The prepared slurry can be applied easily using a brush, broom or spray, and it. Yes you can as long as it is dry. It is advised, to use a 1:1 SRB and water mixture over the finished tanking slurry. Water vapour permeable. Apply a 2 coat tanking (waterproof) render to all walls from floor to ceiling. 2. Hi all. Use reputable flexible adhesive for tiling on screeds and concrete and as per the manufacturers specifications, DO NOT USE PVA but a latex based primer if the concrete surface is. Determine the position of the water table Steps 2 and 3. Specifications. Can I tile straight onto sand and cement render (with. 25. Colour: Grey. Colour. MPN: SKDPSLUR25. Tanking slurry tile over. Seal exposed edges of sheets with BAL-BOND. This is called the “tanking” method and it’s the best way to do it because it makes the tile more even and prevents it from becoming lumpy. Please note that condensation may still occur on the coatingStep 3: Apply a coat of tanking slurry. Rapid-setting, BAL Tank-it can be tiled after only 90 minutes for fast-track project completion – what’s more no priming or matting is required. Apply first coat horizontally, paying special attention to where the floor meets the wall. However, this option may not be the best solution in many circumstances. In most cases I have built a stud wall adjacent to the treated wall, filled with Celotex, applied a vapour barrier and plaster boarded. I can't answer much of your questions, but yes you can dot and dab onto bonding plaster without SBR. I am in the process of finishing off our bathroom. Cut the damp proof membrane to size using. Ideal for wetrooms, showers, steamrooms and bathrooms. . ka tanking slurry second coatmakeup for fair skin and frecklesmakeup for fair skin and frecklesmy victorian terrace house has concrete floors, in the kitchen i intend to put laminate flooring down with underfloor heating mats, as i suspect there is no damp proof membrane under the concrete can i apply tanking slurry then put the heating mat insulation boards down? the floor appears sound. I hope you enjoyed these beautiful DIY brick fireplace makeovers! And if you have a TV over your fireplace, I’ve got a great tutorial for a DIY TV frame. Gypsum plasters must not be used. 1 x 20kg bag mixed with 7L of water will cover 15m² at 1-2mm thickness. 5 – 3 sq m / kg | a waterproofing coating for almost any exterior wall including masonry. Just put it on scratch it up and leave. first coat didnt work had water droplets coming through. If the substrate and thinset is solid then you can go over the top with new. Cement Based - add your water to the tanking powder - click to view details or buy - Ultra Tanking Slurry Powder. Pros. In these cases, we suggest the use of a bonding slurry coat (the approximate mix is 1 part SBR bonding additive : 1 part water: 5 parts cement) which is then brush applied over the substrate. 1. In this case, you’ll need to do something called overboarding, which involves adding a layer of marine-grade plywood (not the inexpensive ‘sheathing’ plywood) on top of the floorboards - the thicker the better, with 12-18mm recommended for better. 67 per KG . Applying fiberglass over plaster The owner remodelled the bathroom on a structural level before we came in, so we had a basic plasterboard canvas. This is because the foam seals up the hole. 4. mikeey84 said: There are proprietary slurry primers for paving, but I doubt they are available outside of specialist retailers/merchants. When tanking external walls below ground level, different methods are employed depending on the construction style and substrate material. Where ground water pressure is penetrating the wall or floor then special conditions of installation must be met. Originally there were some damp patches on. Jord86 said: ↑. Rust-Oleum Murfill | 6 Kg | £56. If you need waterproofing, we have the Waterproof Paint for the job. £29. I'm going to dot and dab my living room (1920's semi with cavity walls) which were lime rendered and are now back to brick. Mapei Mapelastic Aquadefense Waterproof Membrane - 7. of me is thinking that it may not allow the plaster to adhere to the wall but when I read info on the page it says you can tile into it and I guess tiles would be heavier than a layer of skim?Plasterboard for drylining can be bonded using plaster dabs, Sikaflex® 11FC or Sikaflex EBT. The type of materials required to correct your issues are still available although a lot more expensive, but without actually finding the source of the. No. You can either put SLC over the UFH or trowel directly onto it. Click here to learn more about KA Tanking Slurry and read reviews on Amazon: an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchasesI. Tanking slurry can be painted over with a water based paint, such as a standard emulsion. 8. In a case where the floor is wholly below ground level, as is the case in a basement, all walls should be tanked. Sika EVBAQWPTM Aquaseal Waterproof Tanking Membrane, 5 Litre, Blue Read Review. Inner Walls and Cavity Walls – Block. Country. If there are salts or other hygroscopic (moisture-attracting) materials in the masonry, the amount of water drawn into (and retained in) the wall can be sufficient to make the wall visibly damp, even in dry weather. For example, you can’t directly tile over floorboards because they aren’t strong enough. 1. Tanking slurry is a type of semifluid mixture that is used as a waterproofing sealant in basement tanking. 3 How KA Tanking Slurry meets the requirements of the Building Regulations. 1. Solution to water Leakage. 16 per KG . A: You can paint over KA Tanking Slurry once it’s dried, but treat it like new plaster, and only a water-based emulsion paint should be used within the first six months. To test leave the slurry in it for a set amount of time (e. How much Tanking Slurry do I need? KA Tanking Slurry to 1 part clean water by volume. These are a great alternative, especially if you are tiling over a stud wall that needs new boards, or even planning to overboard. You simply adhere the stickers to your existing tile or wall and then press your tiles onto the stickers. ka tanking slurry second coat. 5 – 3 sq m / kg | a waterproofing coating for almost any exterior wall including masonry. Paint on tanking solution. Water based membranes can also re-emulsify where the screed is not drained. Finish plasters can be used. I intend on having the front of the wall rendered so it is important that it is sealed correctly. The slurry comes in 20kg units. The helpful guys on the forum suggested that I didn't need a slurry coat, just to clean the tiles thoroughly and use a half brick to score to surface. 25mm insulation boards can then be fitted to the battens. There are other factors such as weight and moist absorption which. You will not need to dig up the existing floor to replace the. Position the tile as you go. Without a somewhat smooth surface it will be difficult to properly trowel out new thinset. 6. After doing a lot of research seems some systems suggest an SBR slurry, render then tanking and others say tanking bare brick then a render. Step 4: After you’ve applied the first coat, let it set for approximately 6 hours then apply a second coat using vertical strokes. Pro-Build Tanking Slurry over the entire surface area. Covers 4-7. Gripset offers Primers & Additives, Liquid Membranes, Sheet Membranes, Cement Based Waterproofing, Tile Systems, Wooden Protection & Repair, Masonry Protection & Repair, Pavement Protection and Joint/Junction solutions for largest and most demanding projects. Upvote. I’ve recently (a week ago) tried tanking my cellar walls with KA tanking slurry. Render coat should contain SBR to assist bonding and floor coatings should beTiny defect but water still penetrates this slurry system. PermaSEAL Tanking Slurry is easy to use - you can apply it directly. Febtank Super. Another advantage of this renovation technique is its affordability. A gallon should yield one coat of 100 square feet. I have since built walls and a roof over this slab but have problems with moisture build up mainly due to the metal roof. Finish plasters can be used. Proven Range of Water Proofing and Pavement Solution Products. We then decided to dot and dab plasterboard over the tanking (Leave an inch gap from the bottom of the plasterboard to your floor) This will allow air to circulate and stop any damp that may come. 1. A masonry brush is used to apply the slurry onto the walls. Ultrascape Outdoor Slurry Primer is a polymer modified cementitious slurry primer specifically formulated to provide exceptional bond between all types of stone surfaces and 20mm Porcelain tiles. Ron. 8 litres of clean, cold water into a clean plastic bucket. Use on plasterboard, MDF, plywood. Cut Tile: Cut the new to fit around the edges of the room, around fixtures, and other obstacles. Apply second coat vertically once the first is dry but make sure this is done within 24 hours of the first coat drying. Tanking should be provided wherever a floor level is below ground level. Nov 6, 2017 #2 Yes you can as long as it is dry. You do not have to allot work-hours to pull up the existing tiles which means the tiling work can be finished much faster – and all without the. 86 inch) thick coat of. In my bathroom, I waterproofed an ordinary new-plasterboard wall with this dampproof liquid, "Bostik-Flexible-Liquid-Damp-Proof-Membrane-2". The effects of water damage are well known and documented. Kingfisher Aquatech Tanking Membrane is the ultimate brush applied tanking solution. This will help you get complete coverage over the wall. Whilst the slurry is still tacky, apply PermaSEAL Fillet Seal over the tanking slurry and into the chase creating a cove from the wall to the floor. Then just lay the new slab over the top of that. To test leave the slurry in it for a set amount of time (e. This more straightforward solution will save you the headache of removing the old tiling, installing the new ones and spending a great deal of time cleaning afterwards. Depending on what manufacturer's material is going on top of the slurry, many set-to with the slurry still tacky/wet- but some applications require a dry slurry before the screed can. This has made tanking an extremely popular method of treating and waterproofing damp walls underground. Hello again, Please refer to my original post further down the thread list "Floor Tiling Shinanigans" I posted a couple of days ago regarding a floor I will be tiling on top of existing ceramic tiles. Joined 7 Jan 2011 Messages 1,503 Reaction score 200 Location. Sika Damp Proof Slurry DPM 25kg. As a result, you can use it in a range of jobs. This is the. Questions About Tile Over Tile Plan for Walk-in Shower Hi Landon, thanks so much for the input. On large scale jobs it can be spray applied but in the main, we advise the use of a good quality masonry brush. Material. In theory if you scuff the surface, then you'll be removing the silicone coating on there, so in theory applying SBR - or even the mortar or slurry direct - would work. Backed by. Affiliate Disclosure; Contact us; Find what come to your mind; Does Tanking Slurry sweat?Tanking slurry on brick floor. Make sure the concrete that will be patched is wet when you apply the slurry. QUIKWALL® Surface-Bonding Cement can be used in a single coat of 3/8" in special code approved wall systems. Robust waterproofing of basement walls. Can you dot and dab straight over tanking slurry. My n. While damp can form in a range of areas, it is commonly seen in rooms underground such as cellars and basements. What is a creasing tile? Creasing tiles are. f. You will need 6-7 litres of clean water per 20 kg of dry material to create the correct tanking coating. Tanking Slurry done wrong advice. Dot and Dab all walls using moisture resistant plasterboards and finally skim all walls. When plaster has been affected by rising dampness, salts originating from the soil particularly chlorides and nitrates are deposited within the plaster. High bond strength. Do not pre-wet sur-face before applying plaster finishes. 5kg sealed plastic tubs. second coat. What do you put over Tanking Slurry? You can plaster over tanking slurry. Pros. Applying wall tanking products is relatively easy. Tanking. Alternative ways to board over tanking slurry. I wasn't sure if you could get a load of slabs, slurry them, leave them up against a wall, then do the bed and go and get them one at a time. If so you could scarify the existing tile and then apply a polymer modified patching mortar over a slurry bond coat of a polymer modified thin-set mortar over the existing tile to fill and slope the surface. Jesus some ridiculous answers. How to. This can include the use of self-adhesive membrane sheets, liquid-applied membranes, tanking slurries, or a combination of these. In most cases I have built a stud wall adjacent to the treated wall, filled with Celotex, applied a vapour barrier and plaster boarded. Wait until the primer is tacky (not completely dry), then apply the plaster finish. This can be applied once the slurry has529. March 13 2001 12:11 AM . 5m² per 5L depending on porosity of substrate. Another advantage of this renovation technique is its affordability. My other half does not think tanking is necessary unless you are doing a wet room (we are doing a shower with tray) and definitely won't wait that long. Applying a tanking slurry will also require you to prepare the surfaces thoroughly. This ratio can be changed slightly to adjust the required consistency. 8. 5 metre porcelain slab- tiles to bed down on cement, forms a rough gritty surface on the backside of the slab. Either cover with a cement boared like Marnix fully bedded or tank out with Arden waterproof membrane hope. Apply a second coat of tanking slurry. Low temperatures and poor ventilation will extend the drying time. Designed to function against water penetration in various conditions, it can be used in foundation slabs, tunnels,. Remove the boiler and replace once plastered. To tile onto a tank, you first need to make a hole in the bottom. These types of surfaces will draw water from the 1st coat that is applied. Retaining Walls and columns in reservoirs • Swimming Pools prior to tiling or painting • Concrete drinking water tanks • Water Treatment and sewerage plants • Foundation Slabs • Underground Cellars, basement car parks, garages, etc. Hello guys, I’ve been looking for the information but can’t find an answer so would appreciate your help. To grow moss on concrete, start by making a batch of slurry by combining a dairy product and shredded moss. Easy to apply by brush. by reusable stickers for aluminum body vehicles. hi. Type. If you are upto the dpc. When mixed with water a slurry or mortar material is produced for direct application to a variety of construction substrates. #5. The previous section covered the best way to avoid any damp issues, when installing boards with a standard board adhesive. As it seals and fills an area, it will give some protection against penetrating damp. Most damp-proof floor coatings are applied directly to the concrete floor surface using a brush or roller. Xypex Concentrate is also mixed in Dry-Pac form for sealing strips at construction joints, or for the repairing of cracks, faulty. g. Tanking Slurry and Cementitious Slurry – How to Apply Remove any old plaster from the walls surface. Post by Gazza5star » Sat Mar 07, 2020 7:00 pm. 323. Sika Waterproof Coating Grey 5kg. £ 21. “MICRO-CONCRETE. One of the main advantages of tiling over existing tiles is that it is time-saving. You can apply waterproofing. Febtank Super is a high performance tanking slurry for masonry and concrete. Make sure the surface is. £14 per L . Prime the surface and leave for 15 minutes before applying KA Tanking Slurry. Due to this, it is very popular for things like tanking basements, garages, and. If you need to find a tradesperson to get your job done, please try our local search below, or if you are doing it yourself you can find suppliers local to you. This tanking paint by Pro-Build comes in a 25kg pack and is available in white or grey. The slurry creates a watertight barrier, that will stop moisture from passing through its surface. This slurry is also robust enough to be used for swimming pools. Go to They sell something call Compact All Civil which I think of as the SBRs big brother. Seals and stabilises surfaces prior to applying tiles. Once applied, it creates a waterproof barrier. Rinse with plenty of water and leave to dry. A: You can paint over KA Tanking Slurry once it has dried, but treat it like new plaster, and only a water-based emulsion paint should be applied in the first six months. Tanking slurry works by filling the pores and capillaries in the wall and, once set, forms insoluble crystals that block them, creating a watertight barrier. Low temperatures and poor ventilation will extend the drying time. The plan was to paint the below ground brick and over the dpc with a bitumen emulsion and back fill. Bostik Cementone Tanking Slurry provides a breathable and waterproof coating for internal brickwork, concrete and stone. Ideally, you will want to identify and. Additionally remove any other items that shouldn’t be. However, you should use a dilute SRB to prime the surface before applying a plaster finish. What Floor can I lay on KA Tanking Slurry. Once you have rectified the original source of the damp, start by removing the old plaster work and render back to the original masonry. One thing to consider is the aesthetics. Storage Store in a dry place and protect from frost. I have a cellar to refurbish and are going to tank it with 2 coats of KA Tanking Slurry after the necessary prep work. Next use a. Potential problems with dot dab over tanking slurry. Answered 5th May 2021. However, you should use a dilute SRB to prime the surface before applying a plaster finish. 1. QUIKRETE® Elastomeric Coating is a synthetic product that can be used to coat concrete and stucco. Discover how and why you should be. If you don’t know what the old paint is, you can scrape off a few chips and have them tested at a local paint store or send them out to a manufacturer such as Ramuc. Country. The generally accepted method of actually tanking a surface is to apply a mix of “tanking slurry” or cement mixed with a rubberised liquid to form a waterproof coating on the inside of the basement or cellar wall. 25 Aug 2017. Pay particular attention to grout joints or depressions to ensure a consistent level across the entire area. Need some professional advice on waterproofing my 3ft garden flowerbed retaining wall. Cement based render: Use a slurry bonding coat con-sisting of 2 parts sand, one part cement gauged to aCountry. Use reputable flexible adhesive for tiling on screeds and concrete and as per the manufacturers specifications, DO NOT USE PVA but a latex based primer if the concrete surface is. SIKA. #1. The main problem with plastering over tanking slurry, is the slurry is non-porous. One question we hear asked regularly, is can you paint over tanking. Grind them down using a right-angle grinder with a masonry wheel. (currently original 1912 quarry tiles under sheet vinyl flooring. Then, use a paintbrush to apply the slurry liberally to your concrete surface. This coverage will depend, however on the roughness of the substrate. For example, if there is a significant problem with damp rising through your quarry tile. However, as you may have guessed it’s not that simple as tiling over a brick wall is tricky and can result in an uneven finish. High bond strength. This Forum is for all questions relating to Rising damp, Penetrating Damp, Basement Drainage, Cracked Masonry and Wall tie replacement. 5. Main Menu. Mix in a 4:1 ratio to ensure the correct consistency. bricks, tiles, coping stones, kerbs etc. Im sure the tech guy said if you have to tile onto bitumen its best to use a latex product because of its flexibility or Ive read it on here somewhere, before tiling. Add the 20kg of Bostik Tanking Slurry slowly, mixingFlush out the chase and remove any debris. and this slurry gives the grip and adhesion you need, mix it as per instructions and it works perfectly. Get it Thursday, Jan 26 - Saturday, Jan 28. The rendering is to the floor. K11 in my opinion is a solid water proofer similar say to gluing a sheet of plastic to the wall - it does not breathe and allow moisture vapour to pass thro. Instead the tanking slurry will form a waterproof barrier on the surface. Bostik Tanking Slurry is a breathable, waterproof coating for sound internal brickwork, concrete and stone. I had a cementone SBR bottle at home and was told it was ok to use for tanking my bathroom wall (shower area) which I’ll be tiled over, tiles size 300 x 600 but it just came to my mind to check it before carry on with the works and can’t find any. Been a plasterer /damproofer for 28 years and yes you can use SBR and Paint over it but will need to give a sand or LIGHT. open all doors and windows. Wear a protective mask before mixing your tanking slurry, as the chemicals can be harmful. Can you dot and dab plasterboards straight onto the cured tanking slurry? Alternatively using foil backed boards, fix them using battens screwed into the wall, making sure that all drill holes are filled with DPC cream. Below ground, you can use tanking slurry by itself as a form of Type A Waterproofing (barrier system). A: A 25kg tub of KA Tanking Slurry will cover two coats @ 8sqm, and it. Then just lay the new slab over the top of that. A thicker mixture is created with Thinset powder and a latex. 16.